W. James Popham, Former President Of The American Education

W. James Popham, former president of the American Education Research Association, defines standardized testing as, â€Å"Any tests that are administered, scored, and interpreted in a standard predetermined manner.† (Background). Standardized tests, such as the SAT or ACT, have been included in the American education ever since the mid-1800s. These certain tests incorporate multiple choice questions which could be graded easily with haste by the usage of automated test scoring machines. The tests also include â€Å"open-ended† questions that require the expensive alternative of using human graders. The standardized tests do come in a variety of different formats; however, multiple-choice questions and true and false formats are favored in usage since†¦show more content†¦There are many causations for failure in the education system. For example, rising in poverty levels, teacher quality, tenure polices, and as well as THE USE OF STANDARDIZED TESTING (Background) . Adversaries claim that the use of standardized testing can encourage a shortened curriculum and emphasize teaching the test material instead of emphasizing the basic knowledge of subjects. Furthermore, these tests are known for being neither fair nor objective and that their use will promote in a narrowing of curriculum. The excessive testing will undermine America’s ability to produce visionaries and critical thinkers. Therefore, leading to the claim that shortened curriculum due to the teaching of materials of standardized tests is the causation of the weakness in the education system. High-test taking has initiated major controversy. For example, it will hold many relevant significances for students, teachers, and schools. The score of a student who took the uniform test will determine whether that student will advance to the next academic level or not. Meaning either going to the next grade level or a senior testing to get into college. Furthermore, the failure of the s tudent(s) will also lead to the blaming of the teacher or educator, resulting in discharging them from their job or closing of the school. Subsequently, educators prefer to replace these tests with collections of students work throughout the year, like portfolios. Another disagreement of theseShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Standardized Testing598 Words   |  2 Pagesof students and in turn, the aptness of teachers. W. James Popham (2005), former president of the American Educational Research Association, defines standardized test as any test thats administered, scored, and interpreted in a standard, predetermined manner. In the United States, standardized testing became more prominent in 2002 due to the adoption of the No Child Left Behind Act. All public schools were held to a high standard of education by measuring their students’ scores in statewide standardizedRead MoreStandardized Test and Informal Reading Assessments Essay2179 Words   |  9 Pagespoints, and by listing a few of these you can make your own decision as to whether standardized testing is good or bad, and what or how you can use the testing information in your classroom. â€Å"Standardized tests are defined by W. James Popham, former president of the American Educational Research Association, as ‘any test that’s administered, scored, and interpreted in a standard , predetermined manner.† (ProCon.org, 2011, p. 6) The debate over these tests has become a very hot topic especially since

Bullying And Its Effects On American Schools - 1209 Words

Bullying in American schools has become an underrated topic to converse about. It is a worldwide problem that can have negative consequences for the general school climate and for the right of students to learn in a safe environment without fear. Throughout Elementary schools, students are taught about bullying more than any other grade school. 282,000 students are physically attacked in secondary schools each month. As generations have evolved, kids in all schools get bullied rapidly and are afraid to report it. They feel they have no one to go to and situations like this can ruin a young life. Students can start bullying at a young age and stay consistent through until they graduate. Young people commit suicide due to being bullied in American schools. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year according to the CDC. Studies indicate that bullies often comes from homes where physical punishment is used. Various reports and studies have established that about 15% of students are either bullied regularly or are initiators of bullying behavior. Bullying can effect both the bully and the victim. Victims tend to be close to their parents and may have parents who can be described as overprotective. Bullies appear to derive satisfaction from inflicting injury and suffering on others, seem to have little empathy for their victims, and often defend their actions by saying that their provoked them in some way. WhenShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of High School Bullying On American Youths1808 Words   |  8 Pages Preventing High School Bullying in American Youths This report aims to introduce and discuss the history of high school bullying in American youths, identifying and explain its origins and causes, and provide recommendations on how to prevent this issue and optimise development. The Bronfenbrenner s Bioecological Model will be employed to highlight the interaction between American bullied youths and their environmental contexts. Part A: Introduction and Background Bullying is not a new problemRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On The Media1443 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, specifically teen bullying, has become a worldwide predicament. Nearly â€Å"30 percent of teenagers in the U.S. have been involved in bullying, either as a bully or as a victim of teenage bullying† (Bullying Statistics, 2015). Bullying makes individuals fearful and feel unsafe in their own environment. Often times, the media discusses bullying frequently. It has become a topic that has influenced the public perception. Bullying in the media has had some negative and positive effects. It hasRead MoreSchool Bullying and Violence1356 Words   |  5 Pageswas to both call attention to and inform an audience about the issue of school bullying and violence. Research shows that the issue is far more prevalent than expected, and is gender neutral. What is surprising in these findings point to the fact that the statistics regarding bullying are not, as one might expect, foc used predominantly on boys. While boys and girls mature and socially interact differently, 30-40% of the bullying reported above occurs with mean girls, or girls who bully. Because ofRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be exploited is through the familiar conviction of bullying. Bullying has been entrenched in American society as a relevant issue for quite some time. The word â€Å"bully† derives back from as far as the 1530’s. In 1838, the novel, Oliver Twist, exhibited the first use of bullying within literary work. Years later, in 1862, the first account of bullying was reported. Over one hundred years following this, the first proposition of an anti-bullying law was constructed. As time has persisted, the issueRead MoreBullying Is A Growing Problem1000 Words   |  4 PagesBullying in schools has become an increasing problem in American society. Bullying is the repetitive, aggressive behavior from one person to another. This c an include leaving someone out intentionally, spreading rumors, assaulting a person physically and verbally, and threatening someone. Bullying can be executed in many different ways: online, physically, and verbally. The article, â€Å"Bullying in Schools: An Overview†, states, â€Å"According to John A. Calhoun, president and CEO of the National CrimeRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian 1576 Words   |  7 PagesMay 2017 The Advancement of Bullying Within Society Bullying refers to the intentional tormenting in physical, verbal, or psychological ways. Sherman Alexie s The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian raises awareness about this common social issue, bullying, through his story about a boy growing up on an impoverished Native American reservation. The novel shows how bullying can leave deep emotional scars that last a lifetime. It s important to take bullying seriously and not just brushRead MoreDifferential Association Theory Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesOver recent years, school bullying has become an important issue and underlying factor for more serious circumstances like school shootings, suicides, and countless student dropouts. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, 160,000 kids per day do not attend school for fear of being bullied (A, 2013). With such a high number afraid to attend school, it’s not hard to see how this behavior drastically affects their quality of education and overall school experiences. Bullying can also produce physicalRead MoreCyber Bullying Is An Action Of Harassing Or Harming People Using Technology945 Words   |  4 PagesCyber bullying is an action of harassing or harming people using technology. It is increasing with the increasing technology. People of all ages are victims for this where majority of them are teenagers. It includes posting rumors or gossip about a person and insulting them or sometimes it may include morphing of their photos and posting them in social media networks to embarrass them. A victim can t cyber predict the cyber bully and is difficult to know that person. A cyber bully can be any unknownRead MoreThe Long-Term Effects of Bullying Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing concerns and effects of bullying. Its epidemic is also starting to become closely related to the growing numbers of suicide rates amongst adolescents within the United States and across the globe. However, there are several adults that may take bullying lightly th inking that it is just a part of kids being kids. Whereas to an adolescent, bullying can cause long-term effects as they transition into adulthood. However, in order for one to examine the long-term effects of bullying one must be ableRead MoreCauses of Homophobic Bullying1551 Words   |  6 Pagescouncilman from Fort Worth, Texas. During an otherwise ordinary city council meeting, Burns took the opportunity to raise an issue that has been tormenting kids and adults around the world: bullying. Yet Burns is not referring to any bullying. What Burns addresses in his speech, called It Gets Better, is bullying people who are gay, lesbian, or just different, (Joel Burns Tells Gay Teens It Gets Better.). The speech was powerful enough, and with just enough personal experience interjected, that

Dramatic irony, pathetic fallacy and humour Essay Example For Students

Dramatic irony, pathetic fallacy and humour Essay The objective of this task was to create an autobiography using Tennesse Williamsstyle of writing. In his play, The Glass Menagerie he uses music, the screen device and lighting in a very effective way as well as using various literary devices such as dramatic irony, pathetic fallacy and humour.  I start out by giving a detailed description of the setting in the opening stage directions, just like Tennesse Williams, to set the play. In the beginning, the main character also starts with a long monologue explaining what the play is about and giving the social background of the play. The fact that Dawid enters wearing a German uniform although he is a Jew is alienating to the audience but later on in the play its explained that he was forced to disguise himself as a German in order to survive the war. I also used humour in the opening speech he died in 1915, middle of World War 1 on the front line after receiving a telegram that my mother had given birth, His cry of joy gave away his position and he was shot by a German sniper when describing how the main characters father had died, which is always entertaining to the audience and keeps them interested in the play. This mixture of tragedy and comedy is known as tragicomedy and is used by great writers such as Shakespeare and its effect is to play with the audiences emotions. Again I decided I would use the screen device to show some images and outline the main message of each scene. In the opening stage directions lighting is also focusedon the photograph of the father to outline his importance in the play. The fact that the characters keep on referring to their father also foreshadows that he will be relevant in the rest on the play. Dramatic irony is also used when Dawid confidently says that the Germans will not attack them, as we know that they actually did. I also included other literary devices such as pathetic fallacy rain pouring out of the grey sky which is technique frequently used by Tennesse Williams. Dawid is a character in the play as well as the narrator which again is alienating since that doesnt normally happen on stage .Dawid can also exaggerate sometimes since the audience are seeing the scene through Dawids perspective. Again I decided I would add music to the scene to create an atmosphere and the fact that the music used is Third Reich military music is also a bit humoruus and alienating to the audience. Williams also uses various symbols, such as the glass menagerie, so again I decided to use a symbol. The statue of Kazimierz Pulaski symbolizes freedom, independence and safety and when the statue is knocked down by the German people are no longer safe or free. Overall I think my text is good since its written in a similar style to Tennessee Williams and it sounds authentic, all of that can happen in the real world or has indeed happened. I think the use of the statue as a symbol was a good idea, since Tennessee Williams likes to use symbols such as the glass menagerie, as was the pathetic fallacy however maybe a more personal view of the surroundings could have been given in the opening stage directions to make the opening description even more closely related to Tennessee Williams style of writing.

Computer Literacy free essay sample

March 8, 2010 JOSEPH JACKSON INF103: Computer Literacy INSTRUCTOR: BASHAR ELKHATIB WEB-BASED TRAINING In the following research paper I will be discussing Web-Based training. I will be going into the details of what this type of training consist of, who uses this training, the different types of web-based training, the efficiency of the training, and also my experience with this training. Once you have read this paper I feel you will obtain a better understanding on Web-Based training and be able to not only feel confident with this topic but also talk to others on this topic. In the following paragraph I will be explaining to you what web-based training is and consists of. Web-based training (WBT) is an innovative approach to distance learning in which computer-based training (CBT) is transformed by the technologies and methodologies of the World Wide Web, the Internet, and intranets. Web-based training presents live content, as fresh as the moment and modified at will, in a structure allowing self-directed, self-paced instruction in any topic. Notebook computers are personal computers that are portable and designed to fit on our lap. On a regular notebook computer, the keyboard is on top of the sytem unit, and the display is attached to the system unit with hinges. They have all the same qualities of a desktop computer Just compact into a thin lightweight size. Mobile devices are also a types of computers. Different types are smartphones, PDAs, E-book Readers, MP3 and digital cameras. They often use memory cards to store programs and data permanently. These mobile devices are Internet-enabled, connecting them to the world. Because of the size difference, mobile device screens are small. Smartphones hold different personal information management functions such as, address book, calculator, and notepad. These phones also allows you to send text, instant, picture, and video messages. All these types of computers are small sized and easy to carry around. Most are usually pocket sized and internet accessible. Servers, mainframes, super and embedded computers are not pocket sized and able to carry around. These types of computers are usually stationary and cannot be moved. Servers, control access to hardware and software. Personal are needed to access information off of a server. Unlike servers, mainframes do not need personal computers to access data. Mainframes has so much space that it stores huge amounts of data and information. Most big business and corporations use mainframes for many things. Mainframes carry out functions such as preparing payroll for employees and manage inventory. You can aslo access programs on a mainframe using a personal computer. Supercomputers are the fastest, most powerful and most expensive. These computers are needed for sophisticated athematical calculations. Calculations for things such as automotive design, weather forecasting, and aerospace use supercomputers. Embedded computers are used for functions in a larger product. They are located in things such as automobiles, consumer electronics and office machines. As we all know computers come in many shapes and sizes. They can be used for many different things and can be located anywhere. Technology has increased so much that the most unheard compact thing can be a computer.

Conflict Management Skills the Case Study of Andy J

Progressive Essay Sample - Writing a Progressive Essay

Progressive Essay Sample - Writing a Progressive EssayHave you ever thought about writing a progressive essay? A progressive essay is a written composition that goes from easy to harder chapters. In this case, the different types of chapters are; action, education, confidence, influence, emotions, motivation, attitudes, goals, and teaching.For a simple assignment or a quick-study course, you can use this theme. Writing this type of article can be tricky if you do not know what is correct. As mentioned above, this category will require you to put yourself in a position to write each chapter. It will also require you to refer to other portions of the essay.Firstly, you will want to identify your feelings about the topics and then select the appropriate way to present them. Always remember to only write what you want and do not worry about the fact that your essays are not good.One of the best ways to make your academic essay have substance is to use keywords that are used on the Intern et. This will help to get your article higher up the search engine listings and therefore higher in the list.The next step in your effort to make your article more professional is to put keywords within the title of your essay. Keep in mind that there are specific criteria for this and you will need to include these rules. Your essay should reflect the way that you are as a person and the tone you wish to set in your content.This is one of the ways that you can successfully progress from one chapter to the next. You can also refer to other sections of the text and build around the idea that you wish to convey.If you want to improve the quality of your online articles, using this progressive format is a good way to do it. If you have any further questions, please feel free to ask.

buy custom Terrorism World essay

buy custom Terrorism World essay This essay will look at the operations of the homeland security management system with respect to the policies which have been instituted to fight terrorism. The essay discusses these policies in the perspective of Al Qaeda: a terrorist group which has been quite consistent in attempting to carry out terrorism within the U.S. boundaries. The paper starts by showing the mechanism of operation of the Homeland security management system which operates through four phases purposely to ensure that effectiveness is achieved. This makes it a highly dynamic body with an ability to make multiple changes in an attempt eliminate terrorism activities. The paper will proceed to discuss a sample of the policies which have already been instituted. Keen attention will be given to show how effective the policies are with respect to terrorism groups, in this case the Al Qaeda. The paper will make some recommendation followed by the conclusion. The U.S. faces threats from the terrorism world and as a result needs to come up with policies which ensure that its interests are safeguarded. Bush (2007) calls these threats complex and dynamic. He believes that the best way to face these threats is by understanding them. The author writes about successive concerted worldwide efforts which were manifested after the September 11 attacks on the American soil. However he is quick to add that a new challenge faced is that these groups are continuously evolving and coming up with new ways of attacking and inflicting pain. The author particularly associates the al Qaeda group with the new creativity ways of carrying out terrorism activities: the most serious and dangerous manifestation of this threat remains al-Qaida, which is driven by an undiminished strategic intent to attack our homeland (Bush 2007, p. 5). The U.S. is faced with constant threats of being attacked by terrorists. This threat is made more daring by the fact that the terrorist groups keep on adapting more and more elusive ways of planning their attacks. Adapting new creative ways of carrying out terrorism activities make it hard to speculate on what they are to do and how. This creates the necessity to understand their ways of operations. Buy custom Terrorism World essay